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تاريخ التسجيل : 22/07/2010
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 | #1 موضوع: Tayammum, the dry ablution  الأحد أغسطس 29, 2010 7:03 am | |
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Tayammum, the dry ablution
Tayammum, the dry ablution
Definition. Literally tayammum means "aim, purpose."
In Islamic law, it refers to "aiming for or seeking soil to wipe one's
face and hands with the intention of preparing oneself to pray, and so
on."
Proof of its legitimacy This
is proven by the Qur'an, sunnah and ijma' (consensus). The Qur'an says,
"And if you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes from
relieving himself, or you have touched women, and you do not find water,
then go to high clean soil and rub your face and hands (therewith). Lo,
Allah is Benign, Forgiving" (an-Nisa': 43). From the sunnah we have the
hadith related by Abu Umamah in which the Prophet, upon whom be peace,
said, "All of the earth has been made for me and my nation a pure place
of prayer. Whenever a person from my nation wants to pray, he has
something with which to purify himself, that is, the earth." (Related by
Ahmad.) Finally, there is a consensus that tayammum forms a legitimate
part of the shari'ah, as it replaces ablution or ghusl under specific
circumstances.
Blessing from Allah This
form of ablution is viewed as a blessing from Allah to the Muslims.
Jabir relates that the Prophet, upon whom be peace, said, "I have been
given five things that were not given to anyone before me: I have been
made victorious due to fear for a distance of one month's journey; the
earth has been made a place of prayer for me--wherever and whoever of my
nation wants to pray, he may pray; and the war booty has been made
lawfal for me, and this was not lawful for anyone before me. I have been
given permission to intercede. The prophets used to be raised for their
own people only, but I have been raised for all of mankind." (Related
by al-Bukhari and Muslim.)
The reason for its legitimacy Said
'Aishah, "We went out with the Messenger of Allah on one of his
journeys until we reached Baida'. At this place, one of my bracelets
broke and fell somewhere. The Messenger of Allah and others began to
look for it. There was no water at that place, nor did anyone have any
water with him. The people went to Abu Bakr and said, "Do you see what
your daughter has done?" Abu Bakr came to me, while the Prophet was
sleeping on my thigh. He blamed me and said to me whatever Allah willed
him to say. He also poked me in my side. I could not  ,
for the Prophet, upon whom be peace, was sleeping on my lap. He slept
until the morning without any water available. Then, Allah revealed the
verse of tayammum. As-Sayyid ibn Huzhain said, 'That was not the first
blessing from the family of Abu Bakr.' The camel that I was on got up
and we found the necklace underneath it." (Related by "the group,"
except for at-Tirmizhi.)
One cannot find water, or the amount one finds is insufficient for ablution 'Imran
bin Husain said, "We were with the Messenger of Allah during a journey.
When he led the people in prayer, one man stayed apart. He asked him,
"What prevented you from praying?" He said, 'I need a post-nocturnal
bath and there is no water.' He said, 'Use the soil, for it is
sufficient.''' (Related by al-Bukhari and Muslim.)
Abu Zharr related that the Prophet, upon whom be peace,
said, "The soil is a purifier for a Muslim, even if he does not find
water for twenty years." (Related by "the four." At-Tirmizhi grades it
hassan sahih.) But before one makes tayammum, he must look for water
from any posible source. If he is sure water is not to be found or it is
too far away, he does not have to look for it.
One is injured or ill
If one is in this condition, and believes water will
worsen it (he does not have to be absolutely sure, but may base his
opinion on past experience or what a knowledgeable person has told him),
he may perform tayammum. Jabir said, "We were on a journey and one of
us got injured. Later, he had a wet dream. He asked his companions, 'Can
I perform tayammum?' They said, 'No, not if you have water.' He
performed ghusl and died. When they came to the Messenger of Allah, they
informed him of what had transpired. He said, 'They killed him, Allah
will kill them. Do you not ask if you do not know? The rescue of the
ignorant person is the question. He could have performed tayammum and
dropped water on his wound or wrapped it with something and wipe over
the wrapping, and wash the rest of his body." This is related by Abu
Dawud, Ibn Majah, ad-Daraqutni and Ibn as-Sakin, who said it is sahih.
If the water is  d enough to physically harm the user
This is only allowed on the condition that he can find no
one to heat it, or is unable to use the public bathrooms. 'Amr ibn
al-'Aas narrated that he was participating in an expedition. He had a
wet dream during an extremely d
night, and was afraid that if he performed ghusl he would die. He
prayed the morning prayer with his companions. He then went to the
Messenger of Allah, upon whom be peace, to ask him about this. Muhammad
said, "O 'Amr, did you pray with your companions while you needed a
post-nocturnal bath?" 'Amr mentioned the verse, "Do not kill yourselves,
Allah is merciful to you" to the Prophet. The Prophet just laughed and
didn't say anything. (Related by Ahmad, Abu Dawud, al-Hakim,
ad-Daraqutni, Ibn Hibban and al-Bukhari in mu'allaq form.) This example
illustrated the Prophet's tacit approval.
When water is nearby, but one does not want to fetch it due to fear
If one fears for his life, family, wealth, (for example,
if an enemy is nearby--beast or human--or one is a prisoner, and so on),
one may perform tayammum. This is also allowed if there is water but
one lacks the proper means to get it, or if one fears some accusation
against him if he gets it.
If one is saving his water for later use
This could be for a hound, for dough, *****ng or to re
an impurity that is not pardonable. Says Imam Ahmad, "Many of the
companions performed tayammum to save their water for drinking." 'Ali
said that a man who is travelling and becomes unclean because of sex or a
wet dream can perform tayammum if he fears he will go thirsty: "He
should perform tayammum and not ghusl." (Related by ad-Daraqutni.) Says
Ibn Taimiyyah, "If a person needs to relieve himself but has only a
small amount of water, it is best that he pray with tayammum and relieve
himself, rather than keep his ablution and pray before relieving
himself."
One can get water, but fears that the prayer will be over by the time he gets it
He can perform tayammum and pray, and does not need to repeat his prayer (after he gets water).
The soil used for tayammum
It must be pure soil: this can be sand, stone, gypsum,
and so on. Says Allah, "Perform tyammum with pure soil," and all
scholars of Arabic agree that "soil" is whatever covers the earth, dirt
or otherwise.
How to perform tayammum
First, one must have the intention (see the section on
ablution). Then, he mentions Allah's name, strikes the soil with his
hands, wipes his face and his hands up to the wrist. Nothing is more
authentic and clear than what 'Ammar related. He said, "We became
sexually impure and had no water, so we rolled in the dirt and prayed.
This was mentioned to the Prophet and he said, 'This would have been
enough for you,' and he struck the earth with his hands, blew in them
and then wiped his face and hands with them." (Related by al-Bukhari and
Muslim). In another text he states, "It would have been enough for you
to strike the ground with your hands, blow into them, then wipe your
face and hands up to the elbows." (Related by ad-Daraqutni.)
This hadith shows that one strike of the earth is
sufficient, and one only wipes the arms to the wrists. It is from the
sunnah that one who makes tayammum with dirt should blow into his hands
first and not make his face dusty or dirty.
What tayammum makes permissible
After doing so, he is pure and may do any of the acts
requiring prior purification, such as praying and touching the Qur'an.
He does not have to perform it during the time of prayer, and he may
pray as many prayers as he wishes (unless he nullifies it), exactly as
he can after performing the regular ablution. Abu Zharr reported that
the Prophet said, "The soil is a purifier for a Muslim, even if he does
not find water for twenty years. Then if he touches water, that is, to
make ablution, and so on, it would be good." This is related by Ahmad
and at-Tirmizhi, who said it is sahih.
What nullifies tayammum
In addition to the presence of water, everything that
nullifies the ablution nullifies tayammum. If a person prays after
performing tayammum and then finds water, he does not need to repeat his
prayer even if there is time left to do so. Abu Sa'eed al-Khudri said,
"Two men went out on a journey. The time of prayer came and, as they had
no water, they performed tayammum. Then they found some water during
the time of the same prayer. One of them repeated his prayer with
ablution and the other did not. When they saw the Messenger of Allah,
they asked him about the proper procedure in such a case. He said to the
one who did not repeat his prayer, 'You have acted according to the
sunnah and your prayer is sufficient for you.' He said to the other,
'You will get a double reward."' (Related by Abu Dawud and anNasa'i.) If
one comes across water before he prays or finishes his prayer with
tayammum, his prayer becomes null and void, for he must make ablution
with water. If a person is not clean because of sex or a wet dream, or a
woman is menstruating, and they pray after performing tayammum, they
need not repeat their prayer after finding water, but they must perform
ghusl with water when they can. 'Umar said, "The Prophet led the people
in prayer, and afterwards saw a man who had not prayed. He said, 'Why
didn't you pray with us?' The man replied, 'I was sexually unclean and
there was no water.' He told him, 'Use the soil, and it will be enough.'
'Imran then mentioned that they later found water. The Prophet, upon
whom be peace, brought a bowl of water for the man and told him to
perform ghusl. (Related by al-Bukhari.)
Wiping Over Casts, Wrappers and Similar Items
It is allowable to wipe over any wrapper or diseased or
injured bodily part. There are many hadith on this point, and although
they are all weak, their many chains strengthen each other, making them
valid to talk about. One hadith, that of Jabir (quoted earlier), relates
a story about a man who was on a journey and suffered an injury. While
he slept, he had a wet dream, after which he asked his companions if he
could perform tayammum. They said he could not, so he made ghusl and
died because of it. When that was mentioned to the Prophet, he said
"They killed him, may Allah kill them. Do you not ask about what you do
not know? ... It would have been enough for him to perform tayammum and
drop a little water over his wound or else wipe it, then to wipe it and
wash the rest of the body." This is related by Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah,
ad-Daraqutni and Ibn as-Sakin, who classified it as sahih. Ibn 'Umar
used to do this.
In fact, it is obligatory to wipe over such casts or
wrappers in ablution or ghusl instead of washing the injured parts. This
must be done even if he has to heat the water. But, if he believes that
this would harm the diseased or injured part, or that his condition may
worsen, or that his pain would increase, he may wipe the injured part
with water. If he fears that this would also be harmful, he should wrap
it and then gently wipe over it. It is not necessary for him to be in a
state of purity while applying the cast or wrapper to be wiped. There is
also no time limit for such wipings, for he can do so as long as his
condition lasts. Removing the wrapper or cast nullifies the wiping, as
does the final cure.
The Prayer of One Who Has no Means of Purifying Himself
Whoever cannot get water or soil may pray in whatever
state he is in, and he will not have to repeat his prayer later. This is
based on what Muslim related from 'Aishah. She had borrowed some
jewelry from 'Asma and it broke (and fell). The Messenger of Allah, upon
whom be peace, sent some people to search for it. The prayer time came
and they had to pray without ablution. When they came to the Prophet,
they complained to him and the verses of tayammum were revealed. Usaid
ibn Huzhair said, "May Allah give you good recompense. Allah never
reveals an order with respect to you except that He res
by it some hardship and gives the Muslims some benefit." The companions
prayed while in a state of impurity, but the Prophet did not admonish
them nor did he order them to repeat their prayers. Says an-Nawawi,
"That is the strongest statement of proof (on this question)." 
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Tayammum, the dry ablution
